July 15

Events Pre-1600 484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome. 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). 756 – An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed. 1099 – First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege. 1149 – The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem. 1207 – King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton. 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva. 1381 – John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England. 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order. 1482 – Muhammad XI is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada.

1601–1900 1640 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, is inaugurated in Turku.Simo Tuomola, Simo: Abo – Suomen metropoli: 1600-luku Turussa, p. 46. (in Finnish)Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia – Arppeanum (in Finnish) 1738 – Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitsyn are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna. 1741 – Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska. 1789 – French Revolution: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris. 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign. 1806 – Pike Expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west. 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard . 1823 – A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy. 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years. 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage. 1840 – The Great Powers of Europe conclude the convention of London in order to stabilise the Near East. 1849 – The first air raid in history occurs; Austria launches pilotless balloons against the city of Venice. 1862 – American Civil War: The CSS Arkansas, the most effective ironclad on the Mississippi River, battles with Union Navy ships commanded by Admiral David Farragut, severely damaging three ships and sustaining heavy damage herself. 1870 – Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union. 1870 – Canadian Confederation: Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories. 1888 – The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts, killing approximately 500 people in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

1901–present 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer. 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing). 1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack. 1920 – Aftermath of World War I: The Parliament of Poland establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite. 1922 – The Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan. 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by Austrian police in Vienna. 1942 – The Holocaust: Nazi Germany begins the deportation of 100,000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands to extermination camps. 1946 – The State of North Borneo, now Sabah, Malaysia, is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1954 – The Boeing 367-80, the prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series, takes its first flight. 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others. 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. 1971 – The United Red Army is founded in Japan. 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing Makarios III and installing Nikos Sampson as the president of Cyprus. 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was the last launch of both an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets. 1979 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech". 1983 – An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured. 1983 – Nintendo and Sega enter the console market with the respective releases of the Famicom and SG-1000 in Japan. 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport. 1998 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine. 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and possession of explosives during the commission of a felony. 2002 – The Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan sentences British-born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to death, and three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl to life. 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day. 2006 – Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched. 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Jannatabad, Qazvin, Iran, killing 168. 2009 – Space Shuttle program: Endeavour is launched on STS-127 to complete assembly of the International Space Station's Kibō module. 2012 – South Korean rapper Psy releases his hit single Gangnam Style. 2014 – A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others. 2016 – Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup. 2018 – France win their second World Cup title, defeating Croatia 4–2.

Births Pre-1600 980 – Ichijō, Japanese emperor (died 1011) 1273 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and saint (died 1352) 1353 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (died 1410) 1359 – Antonio Correr, Italian cardinal (died 1445) 1442 – Boček IV of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman (died 1496) 1455 – Queen Yun, Korean queen (died 1482) 1471 – Eskender, Ethiopian emperor (died 1494) 1478 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (died 1534) 1573 – Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen's House (died 1652) 1600 – Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (died 1671)

1601–1900 1606 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter and etcher (died 1669) 1611 – Jai Singh I, maharaja of Jaipur (died 1667) 1613 – Gu Yanwu, Chinese philologist and geographer (died 1682) 1631 – Jens Juel, Danish politician and diplomat, Governor-general of Norway (died 1700) 1631 – Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (died 1718) 1638 – Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian violinist and composer (died 1693) 1704 – August Gottlieb Spangenberg, German bishop and theologian (died 1792) 1779 – Clement Clarke Moore, American author, poet, and educator (died 1863) 1793 – Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, American educator, author, editor (died 1884) 1796 – Thomas Bulfinch, American mythologist (died 1867) 1799 – Reuben Chapman, American lawyer and politician, 13th Governor of Alabama (died 1882) 1800 – Sidney Breese, American jurist and politician (died 1878) 1808 – Henry Edward Manning, English cardinal (died 1892) 1812 – James Hope-Scott, English lawyer and academic (died 1873) 1817 – Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet, English engineer, designed the Forth Bridge (died 1898) 1827 – W. W. Thayer American lawyer and politician, 6th Governor of Oregon (died 1899) 1848 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist and sociologist (died 1923) 1850 – Frances Xavier Cabrini, Italian-American nun and saint (died 1917) 1852 – Josef Josephi, Polish-born singer and actor (died 1920) 1858 – Emmeline Pankhurst, English political activist and suffragist (died 1928) 1864 – Marie Tempest, English actress and singer (died 1942) 1865 – Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, Anglo-Irish businessman and publisher, founded the Amalgamated Press (died 1922) 1865 – Wilhelm Wirtinger, Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (died 1945) 1867 – Jean-Baptiste Charcot, French physician and explorer (died 1936) 1871 – Doppo Kunikida, Japanese journalist, author, and poet (died 1908) 1871 – Dan McGann, American baseball player (died 1910) 1880 – Enrique Mosca, Argentinian lawyer and politician (died 1950) 1883 – Denny Barry, Irish Republican, died during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes (died 1923)White, Robert William (1993), Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History, p 117, ISBN 0-313-28564-0 1887 – Wharton Esherick, American sculptor (died 1970) 1892 – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher and critic (died 1940) 1893 – Enid Bennett, Australian-American actress (died 1969) 1893 – Dick Rauch, American football player and coach (died 1970) 1894 – Tadeusz Sendzimir, Polish-American engineer (died 1989) 1899 – Seán Lemass, Irish soldier and politician, 4th Taoiseach of Ireland (died 1971)

1901–present 1902 – Jean Rey, Belgian lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the European Commission (died 1983) 1903 – Walter D. Edmonds, American journalist and author (died 1998) 1903 – K. Kamaraj, Indian journalist and politician (died 1975) 1904 – Rudolf Arnheim, German-American psychologist and author (died 2007) 1905 – Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (died 1974) 1905 – Anita Farra, Italian actress (died 2008) 1906 – R. S. Mugali, Indian poet and academic (died 1993) 1906 – Rudolf Uhlenhaut, English-German engineer (died 1989) 1909 – Jean Hamburger, French physician and surgeon (died 1992) 1911 – Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, English geographer and politician, Secretary of State for Air (died 1994) 1913 – Cowboy Copas, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1963) 1913 – Hammond Innes, English journalist and author (died 1998) 1913 – Abraham Sutzkever, Russian poet and author (died 2010) 1914 – Birabongse Bhanudej, Thai racing driver and sailor, member of the Thai royal family (died 1985) 1914 – Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani economist, scholar, and activist (died 1999) 1914 – Howard Vernon, Swiss-French actor (died 1996) 1915 – Albert Ghiorso, American chemist and academic (died 2010) 1915 – Kashmir Singh Katoch, Indian army officer (died 2007) 1916 – Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (died 2005) 1917 – Robert Conquest, English-American historian, poet, and academic (died 2015) 1917 – Joan Roberts, American actress and singer (died 2012) 1917 – Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan journalist and politician (died 1979) 1918 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2003) 1918 – Brenda Milner, English-Canadian neuropsychologist and academic