Events Pre-1600 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings. 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spearthrower Owl of Teotihuacán. 550 – The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison. 929 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba. 1120 – Crusades: The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1275 – Edward I permits his mother Eleanor of Provence to expel the Jews from the towns Worcester, Marlborough, Cambridge and Gloucester.* 1349 – Basel Massacre: Dozens to hundreds of Jews were burned to death by Christians after being accused of causing the Black Death. 1362 – Saint Marcellus's flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. 1537 – Bigod's Rebellion, an armed insurrection attempting to resist the English Reformation, begins.; 1547 – Grand Prince Ivan IV is crowned as Tsar of all Russia. 1556 – Philip II becomes King of Spain. 1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried and found guilty of treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
1601–1900 1605 – The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain. 1641 – Reapers' War: The Junta de Braços (parliamentary assembly) of the Principality of Catalonia accepts the proposal of establishment of the Catalan Republic, under French protection.Gelderen, Martin van; Skinner, Quentin (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. 1707 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union, paving the way for the creation of Great Britain. 1716 – King Philip V of Spain promulgates the Nueva Planta decree of the Principality of Catalonia, abolishing the Catalan institutions and its legal system, being replaced by those of Castile, thus putting an end to Catalonia as separate state and becoming a province of the new French-style Kingdom of Spain. 1757 – Forces of the Maratha Empire are defeated by the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Narela. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent. 1786 – Virginia enacts the Statute for Religious Freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson. 1809 – Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the Battle of La Coruña. 1847 – Westward expansion of the United States: John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory. 1862 – Hartley Colliery disaster: Two hundred and four men and boys killed in a mining disaster, prompting a change in UK law which henceforth required all collieries to have at least two independent means of escape. 1878 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–78): Battle of Philippopolis: Captain Aleksandr Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule. 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil Service, is enacted by Congress. 1900 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan islands.
1901–present 1909 – Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole. 1913 – Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan writes his first letter to G. H. Hardy at Cambridge, stating without proof various formulae involving integrals, infinite series, and continued fractions, beginning a long correspondence between the two as well as widespread recognition of Ramanujan's results. 1919 – Nebraska becomes the 36th state to approve the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. With the necessary three-quarters of the states approving the amendment, Prohibition is constitutionally mandated in the United States one year later. 1920 – The League of Nations holds its first council meeting in Paris, France. 1921 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa. 1942 – The Holocaust: Nazi Germany begins deporting Jews from the Łódź Ghetto to Chełmno extermination camp. 1942 – Crash of TWA Flight 3, killing all 22 aboard, including film star Carole Lombard. 1945 – World War II: Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker. 1959 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 205 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Astor Piazzolla International Airport in Mar del Plata, Argentina, killing 51. 1969 – Czech student Jan Palach commits suicide by self-immolation in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in protest against the Soviets' crushing of the Prague Spring the year before. 1969 – Space Race: Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 perform the first-ever docking of crewed spacecraft in orbit, the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a space walk. 1979 – Iranian Revolution: The last Iranian Shah flees Iran with his family for good and relocates to Egypt. 1983 – Turkish Airlines Flight 158 crashes at Ankara Esenboğa Airport in Ankara, Turkey, killing 47 and injuring 20. 1984 – A radiation detector at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, United States, detects radioactivity after a truck carrying rebar accidentally passed through the laboratory's area, revealing a contamination incident that occurred in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the previous month. 1991 – Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq, beginning the Gulf War. 1992 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, Mexico ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives. 1995 – An avalanche hits the Icelandic village Súðavík, destroying 25 homes and burying 26 people, 14 of whom died. 1998 – In Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa, Guatemala, thirteen American students on a school trip are attacked and robbed at gunpoint; five were raped. 2001 – Second Congo War: Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila is assassinated by one of his own bodyguards in Kinshasa. 2001 – US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish–American War. 2002 – War in Afghanistan: The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the remaining members of the Taliban. 2003 – The Space Shuttle Columbia takes off for mission STS-107 which would be its final one. Columbia disintegrated 16 days later on re-entry. 2006 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is sworn in as Liberia's new president. She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state. 2011 – Syrian civil war: The Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) is established with the stated goal of re-organizing Syria along the lines of democratic confederalism. 2012 – The Mali War begins when Tuareg militias start fighting the Malian government for independence. 2016 – Thirty-three out of 126 freed hostages are injured and 23 killed in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on a hotel and a nearby restaurant. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashes into a residential area near Manas International Airport in Kyrgyzstan, killing 39 people. 2018 – Myanmar police open fire on a group of ethnic Rakhine protesters, killing seven and wounding twelve. 2020 – The first impeachment of Donald Trump formally moves into its trial phase in the United States Senate. 2020 – The United States Senate ratifies the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement as a replacement for NAFTA."Donald Trump - Key Events | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
Births
Pre-1600 972 – Sheng Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (died 1031) 1093 – Isaac Komnenos, son of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (died 1152) 1245 – Edmund Crouchback, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (died 1296) 1362 – Robert de Vere, duke of Ireland (died 1392) 1409 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (died 1480) 1477 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (died 1547) 1501 – Anthony Denny, confidant of Henry VIII of England (died 1559) 1516 – Bayinnaung, king of Burma (died 1581) 1558 – Jakobea of Baden, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (died 1597)
1601–1900 1616 – François de Vendôme, duke of Beaufort (died 1669) 1626 – Lucas Achtschellinck, Belgian painter and educator (died 1699) 1630 – Guru Har Rai, Sikh Guru (died 1661) 1634 – Dorothe Engelbretsdatter, Norwegian author and poet (died 1716) 1653 – Johann Conrad Brunner, Swiss anatomist (died 1727) 1675 – Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, French soldier and diplomat (died 1755) 1691 – Peter Scheemakers, Belgian sculptor and educator (died 1781) 1728 – Niccolò Piccinni, Italian composer and educator (died 1800) 1749 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian poet and playwright (died 1803) 1757 – Richard Goodwin Keats, English admiral and politician, third Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland (died 1834) 1807 – Charles Henry Davis, American admiral (died 1877) 1815 – Henry Halleck, American lawyer, general, and scholar (died 1872) 1821 – John C. Breckinridge, American general and politician, 14th Vice President of the United States (died 1875) 1834 – Robert R. Hitt, American lawyer and politician, 13th United States Assistant Secretary of State (died 1906) 1836 – Francis II of the Two Sicilies (died 1894) 1838 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (died 1917) 1844 – Ismail Kemal, Albanian politician and statesman, first prime minister of Albania (died 1919) 1851 – William Hall-Jones, English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1936) 1853 – Johnston Forbes-Robertson, English actor and manager (died 1937) 1853 – Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton, Greek-English general (died 1947) 1853 – André Michelin, French businessman, co-founded the Michelin Tyre Company (died 1931) 1870 – Jüri Jaakson, Estonian businessman and politician, State Elder of Estonia (died 1942) 1872 – Henri Büsser, French organist, composer, and conductor (died 1973) 1874 – Robert W. Service, English-Canadian poet and author (died 1958) 1875 – Leonor Michaelis, German biochemist and physician (died 1949) 1876 – Claude Buckenham, English cricketer and footballer (died 1937) 1878 – Harry Carey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1947) 1880 – Samuel Jones, American high jumper (died 1954) 1882 – Margaret Wilson, American author (died 1973) 1885 – Zhou Zuoren, Chinese author and translator (died 1967) 1888 – Osip Brik, Russian avant garde writer and literary critic (died 1945) 1892 – Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (died 1949) 1893 – Daisy Kennedy, Australian-English violinist (died 1981) 1894 – Irving Mills, American publisher (died 1985) 1895 – Evripidis Bakirtzis, Greek soldier and politician (died 1947) 1895 – T. M. Sabaratnam, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1966) 1895 – Nat Schachner, American lawyer, chemist, and author (died 1955) 1897 – Carlos Pellicer, Mexican poet and academic (died 1977) 1898 – Margaret Booth, American producer and editor (died 2002) 1898 – Irving Rapper, American film director and producer (died 1999) 1900 – Kiku Amino, Japanese author and translator (died 1978) 1900 – Edith Frank, German-Dutch mother of Anne Frank (died 1945)
1901–present 1901 – Fulgencio Batista, Cuban colonel and politician, ninth President of Cuba (died 1973) 1901 – Frank Zamboni, American businessman and inventor (died 1988) 1902 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner, rugby player, and missionary (died 1945) 1903 – William Grover-Williams, English-French racing driver (died 1945)