Indonesia is a highly diverse country, both ethnically and linguistically. The country's population reached 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, up from 237.64 million in 2010. As of mid-2025, the official estimate stood at 284.44 million, reflecting an annual growth rate of 1.11%.Badan Pusat Statistik, 2025.Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2023 ~(https://webapi.bps.go.id/download.php?f=603cXqPpJ1BhatsSfWE2yuhpRf3enmqavnkjhP1pvbLequb3n+oKUmXTRDpHn5lKFsTwDIXGUfWQB9T673DIELvjplkdUUuC2CggpdYbesXDeJGhuZe3MmwR0n6KDrcuobXbIM6h6f4XFVQcUcDvTgfOR7v0VF+ndkXkdeidcrwsp8LXQ8EEX5DP4lmBSwIQiXV7pshJjDbTb0QmuSigNSpIwyo4UJLeLJJ4NbeoCFQlQDgwCyeRXK5Qqj8sAvoWX0i1p5E64FCvTfUicFGpDQ==). It remains the fourth most populous country in the world. Java, excluding Madura, is home to approximately 54.4% of the national population, making it the most densely populated island globally.
Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967, Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is no longer projected to surpass the population of the United States (whose population is increasing at a faster rate), and it is itself projected by the United Nations (UN) to be overtaken in population by Nigeria and by Pakistan by 2040. Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to many Western countries, although it is gradually aging due to declining birth rates and rising life expectancy. As of 2017, the median age stood at 30.2 years. According to the 2025 Intercensal Population Survey (SUPAS), the total fertility rate in Indonesia stood at 2.13, which is just above the replacement rate. However, there are still significant differences in fertility rates across various provinces of the country.
The country is among the most ethnically and linguistically diverse in the world, home to over 600 ethnic groups and more than 700 languages. Since gaining independence, Indonesian has served as the national language and is widely used in education, government, business, and formal communication. However, most Indonesians grow up speaking a regional language as their mother tongue, using Indonesian primarily as a lingua franca for interethnic interaction. Major regional languages include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Balinese, and Batak, among many others. The Javanese, who make up about 40% of the population, have historically held significant political influence, with every president since independence having at least partial or full Javanese ancestry.
Population
+ Historical Population of Indonesia with Annual Growth Rate Year Population ±% p.a. 1 2,000,000 — 1000 3,500,000 +0.06% 1500 7,750,000 +0.16% 1700 9,500,000 +0.10% 1840 20,000,000 — 1930 60,727,233 +0.81% 1955 77,473,268 +0.98% 1961 97,085,348 +3.83% 1971 119,208,229 +2.07% 1976 141,862,419 +3.54% 1980 147,490,298 +0.98% 1990 179,378,946 +1.98% 2000 206,264,595 +1.41% 2010 237,641,326 +1.43% 2020 270,203,917 +1.29% Source: Our World in Data, Statistics Indonesia, Wertheim (1959), Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976), Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)
Population by province ProvincePopulation (2010 census)Urban %in 2010TotalFertilityRate(2010 census)Population (2020 census)Urban %in 2022Total FertilityRate(2020 census) Aceh 4,494,410 2.79 5,274,900 North Sumatra 12,982,204 3.01 14,799,400 2.48 West Sumatra 4,846,909 2.91 5,534,500 2.46 Riau 5,538,367 2.82 6,394,100 2.28 Jambi 3,092,265 2.51 3,548,200 2.28 South Sumatra 7,450,394 2.56 8,467,400 2.23 Bengkulu 1,715,518 2.51 2,010,700 2.30 Lampung 7,608,405 2.45 9,007,800 2.28 Bangka Belitung Islands 1,223,296 2.54 1,455,700 2.24 Riau Islands 1,679,163 2.38 2,064,600 2.21 Banten 10,632,166 2.35 11,904,600 2.01 Jakarta 9,607,787 1.82 10,562,100 1.75 West Java 43,053,732 2.43 48,274,200 2.11 Central Java 32,382,657 2.20 36,516,000 2.09 Special Region of Yogyakarta 3,457,491 1.94 3,668,700 1.89 East Java 37,476,757 2.00 40,665,700 1.98 Bali 3,890,757 2.13 4,317,400 2.04 West Nusa Tenggara 4,500,212 2.59 5,320,100 East Nusa Tenggara 4,683,827 3.82 5,325,600 2.79 West Kalimantan 4,395,983 2.64 5,414,400 2.33 Central Kalimantan 2,212,089 2.56 2,670,000 2.31 South Kalimantan 3,626,616 2.35 4,073,600 2.31 East Kalimantan 3,028,487 2.61 3,766,000 2.18 North Kalimantan 524,656 701,800 North Sulawesi 2,270,596 2.43 2,621,900 2.10 Gorontalo 1,040,164 2.76 1,171,700 2.30 Central Sulawesi 2,635,009 2.94 2,985,700 2.32 South Sulawesi 8,034,776 2.55 9,073,500 2.22 Southeast Sulawesi 2,232,586 3.20 2,624,900 2.57 West Sulawesi 1,158,651 -- 3.33 1,419,200 2.58 Maluku 1,533,506 3.56 1,848,900 2.52 North Maluku 1,038,087 3.35 1,282,900 2.47 Papua 2,833,381 2.87 4,303,700 2.76 West Papua 760,422 -- 3.18 1,134,100 2.66 Indonesia 237,641,326 2.41 270,203,900 2.18
Source: Population Census 2010, except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.
Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).
Age structure 0-14 years: 23.33% 15-64 years: 70.72% 65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"): Age groupMaleFemaleTotal% Total 135 337 011 134 266 419 269 603 430 100 0–4 11 101 528 10 850 465 21 951 993 8.14 5–9 11 205 657 10 739 503 21 945 160 8.14 10–14 11 284 333 10 884 509 22 168 842 8.22 15–19 11 189 861 10 949 531 22 139 392 8.21 20–24 11 070 774 10 887 555 21 958 329 8.14 25–29 10 963 605 10 736 361 21 699 966 8.05 30–34 10 777 337 10 524 673 21 302 010 7.90 35–39 10 477 475 10 305 704 20 783 179 7.71 40–44 9 830 929 9 693 109 19 524 038 7.24 45–49 9 140 315 9 023 924 18 164 239 6.74 50–54 7 975 551 7 947 477 15 923 028 5.91 55–59 6 632 329 6 691 467 13 323 796 4.94 60–64 5 234 762 5 287 052 10 521 814 3.90 65-69 3 758 966 3 921 263 7 680 229 2.85 70-74 2 485 308 2 757 062 5 242 370 1.94 75+ 2 208 281 3 066 764 5 275 045 1.96Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent 0–14 33 591 518 32 474 477 66 065 995 24.50 15–64 93 292 938 92 046 853 185 339 791 68.75 65+ 8 452 555 9 745 089 18 197 644 6.75
Vital statistics
United Nations estimates
PeriodPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCBRCDRNCTFRIMRLife expectancy (years)195069,568,0002,826,0001,505,0001,321,00040.621.619.05.19189.139.40195171,019,0002,926,0001,522,0001,404,00041.221.419.85.23186.839.79195272,571,0003,035,0001,517,0001,518,00041.820.920.95.27182.040.69195374,208,0003,146,0001,526,0001,620,00042.420.621.85.31177.441.42195475,925,0003,257,0001,533,0001,723,00042.920.222.75.35172.942.19195577,742,0003,359,0001,542,0001,817,00043.219.823.45.37168.442.92195679,662,0003,475,0001,544,0001,931,00043.619.424.25.41164.043.80195781,691,0003,589,0001,556,0002,033,00043.919.024.95.45159.844.50195883,819,0003,701,0001,575,0002,126,00044.218.825.45.48155.845.05195986,048,0003,811,0001,578,0002,233,00044.318.326.05.51151.945.86196088,383,0003,929,0001,593,0002,337,00044.518.026.45.55148.346.45196190,817,0004,031,0001,602,0002,429,00044.417.626.75.57144.847.12196293,345,0004,127,0001,603,0002,523,00044.217.227.05.59141.447.87196395,963,0004,217,0001,614,0002,603,00043.916.827.15.60138.148.43196498,675,0004,304,0001,609,0002,695,00043.616.327.35.61134.849.231965101,158,0004,380,0002,121,0002,259,00043.321.022.35.62142.742.601966103,561,0004,426,0001,740,0002,686,00042.716.825.95.60129.548.201967106,261,0004,468,0001,596,0002,871,00042.015.027.05.58124.851.071968109,139,0004,503,0001,594,0002,909,00041.314.626.75.54121.451.631969112,149,0004,555,0001,582,0002,973,00040.614.126.55.51118.052.351970115,228,0004,596,0001,576,0003,021,00039.913.726.25.45114.652.991971118,347,0004,627,0001,570,0003,056,00039.113.325.85.36111.553.581972121,504,0004,667,0001,560,0003,107,00038.412.825.65.29108.454.241973124,709,0004,720,0001,554,0003,166,00037.912.525.45.22105.354.851974127,945,0004,727,0001,547,0003,180,00037.012.124.95.09102.355.431975131,213,0004,783,0001,544,0003,239,00036.511.824.75.0499.455.971976134,521,0004,813,0001,540,0003,273,00035.811.524.34.9296.856.511977137,862,0004,849,0001,534,0003,315,00035.211.124.04.8194.157.081978141,251,0004,908,0001,535,0003,373,00034.710.923.94.7291.657.571979144,693,0004,952,0001,530,0003,422,00034.210.623.74.6189.358.151980148,177,0004,981,0001,521,0003,460,00033.610.323.44.4986.958.751981151,686,0004,997,0001,526,0003,472,00033.010.122.94.3684.659.141982155,229,0005,036,0001,514,0003,522,00032.49.822.74.2582.359.761983158,791,0005,016,0001,507,0003,508,00031.69.522.14.1079.960.271984162,332,0004,986,0001,502,0003,484,00030.79.321.53.9477.660.731985165,792,0004,836,0001,481,0003,355,00029.28.920.23.7175.261.311986169,135,0004,736,0001,472,0003,264,00028.08.719.33.5372.861.721987172,421,0004,732,0001,481,0003,251,00027.48.618.93.4270.461.971988175,695,0004,738,0001,495,0003,244,00027.08.518.53.3368.062.211989178,949,0004,707,0001,487,0003,220,00026.38.318.03.2265.662.701990182,160,0004,647,0001,477,0003,170,00025.58.117.43.1063.163.181991185,361,0004,702,0001,484,0003,218,00025.48.017.43.0660.663.541992188,558,0004,644,0001,468,0003,176,00024.67.816.82.9458.164.131993191,737,0004,652,0001,464,0003,188,00024.37.616.62.8855.764.601994194,929,0004,681,0001,481,0003,201,00024.07.616.42.8453.364.861995198,140,0004,714,0001,487,0003,227,00023.87.516.32.8051.065.241996201,374,0004,762,0001,519,0003,244,00023.67.516.12.7748.965.361997204,628,0004,797,0001,526,0003,271,00023.47.516.02.7446.865.731998207,855,0004,744,0001,544,0003,200,00022.87.415.42.6644.865.961999210,997,0004,683,0001,559,0003,123,00022.27.414.82.5842.966.222000214,072,0004,680,0001,581,0003,099,00021.97.414.52.5441.166.432001217,112,0004,679,0001,591,0003,088,00021.57.314.22.5039.566.762002220,115,0004,662,0001,596,0003,066,00021.27.213.92.4637.867.132003223,080,0004,658,0001,612,0003,046,00020.87.213.72.4336.367.412004225,939,0004,678,0001,807,0002,871,00020.88.112.72.4236.965.752005228,805,0004,746,0001,679,0003,067,00021.07.413.62.4533.567.652006231,797,0004,819,0001,698,0003,121,00020.97.413.52.4632.267.912007234,858,0004,923,0001,719,0003,205,00021.07.413.52.4831.068.192008237,937,0004,927,0001,763,0003,164,00020.57.413.12.4429.868.232009240,981,0004,913,0001,780,0003,133,00020.47.512.92.4428.768.492010244,016,0004,920,0001,807,0003,112,00020.47.512.82.4627.668.682011247,100,0005,029,0001,843,0003,186,00020.67.513.12.5226.568.822012250,223,0005,028,0001,875,0003,153,00020.47.512.92.5125.668.972013253,276,0004,917,0001,889,0003,029,00019.67.512.12.4424.669.262014256,230,0004,857,0001,904,0002,953,00019.17.511.62.3923.769.532015259,092,0004,780,0001,933,0002,847,00018.67.511.12.3522.869.702016261,850,0004,718,0001,972,0002,746,00018.17.510.62.3122.069.802017264,499,0004,634,0002,004,0002,629,00017.57.510.02.2521.269.942018267,067,0004,588,0002,002,0002,586,00017.17.69.62.2220.570.342019269,583,0004,559,0002,032,0002,526,00016.97.69.42.2119.870.522020271,858,0004,526,0002,437,0002,089,00016.78.87.82.1919.268.812021273,753,0004,496,0002,755,0001,741,00016.410.06.42.1718.667.572022278,830,0004,518,0002,088,0002,429,00016.27.58.72.152023281,190,0004,482,0002,117,0002,364,00015.97.58.42.132024283,487,0004,468,0002,161,0002,307,00015.87.68.12.112025285,721,0004,441,0002,203,0002,237,00015.57.77.82.10 Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022
Total Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):