Malmesbury Abbey

Malmesbury Abbey, at Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, is a former Benedictine abbey dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul. It was one of the few English religious houses with a continuous history from the 7th century through to the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

History

Monastic history In the later seventh century, the site of the Abbey was chosen by Máel Dub, an Irish monk who established a hermitage, teaching local children. Towards the end of his life, in the late seventh century, the area was conquered by the Saxons.Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo Saxon England, p. 209. Malmesbury Abbey was founded as a Benedictine monastery around 676 by the scholar-poet Aldhelm, a nephew of King Ine of Wessex. The town of Malmesbury grew up around the expanding Abbey and under Alfred the Great was made a burh, with an assessment of 12 hides.

In October 939 Æthelstan, king of Wessex and of the English, died in Gloucester, and in the year 941 his remains were buried in the Abbey. The choice of Malmesbury over the New Minster in Winchester indicated that the king remained an outsider to the West Saxon court.Sarah Foot, ‘Æthelstan (893/4–939)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2011 A mint was founded at the Abbey around this time.

The Abbey developed an illustrious reputation for academic learning under the rule of abbots such as Aldhelm, John Scotus Eriugena, Alfred of Malmesbury and Aelfric of Eynsham.

The Abbey was the site of an early attempt at human flight when, during the early 11th century, the monk Eilmer of Malmesbury attached wings to his body and flew from a tower. Eilmer flew over 200 yards (182 m) before landing, breaking both legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was the lack of a tail on his glider.

The Domesday Book of 1086 says of the Abbey: In Wiltshire: Highway (11 hides), Dauntsey (10 hides), Somerford Keynes (5 hides), Brinkworth (5 hides), Norton, near Malmesbury (5 hides), Brokenborough with Corston (50 hides), Kemble (30 hides—now in Glos.), Long Newnton (30 hides), Charlton (20 hides), Garsdon (3 hides), Crudwell (40 hides), Bremhill (38 hides), Purton (35 hides); (fn. 127) in Gloucestershire: Littleton - upon - Severn (5 hides); (fn. 128) and in Warwickshire: Newbold Pacey (3 hides).V.C.H. Wilts. ii, pp. 125-7.Dom. Bk. (Rec. Com.), i, 165. These lands were valued at £188 14s. in all and were assessed as 3 knights' fees.

The 12th-century historian William of Malmesbury was a monk at the Abbey.

The current abbey church, rebuilt by the Normans was substantially completed by 1180. The south porch has very fine Romanesque sculpture. The 431 feet (131 m) tall spire, and the tower it was built upon, collapsed in a storm around 1500 destroying much of the east end of the church.

Abbots Name Appointment Died Notes MaidulbhMeidulf, William of Malmesbury: 265. 673 Irish hermit and founder of MalmesburyMaidulbh founded the monastery as a hermitage and taught local children including Aldhelm. Aldhelm 639 709 first Old English writer in Latin, scholar and poet Eaba ??? known only from a letter to Lullus EthelhardDe Gestis Pontificum Anglorum. a signatory to a charter of 749 Cuthbert attended the council of Clofeshoh in 803 Alfred of Malmesbury 999 Ælfric of CreditonDe gestis pontificum Anglorum, ed. N(icholas) E. S. A. Hamilton, Rolls Series, 1870, p406. 974 1010 known for building work and his prophecy of the Viking sacking of Malmesbury ÆthelweardWilliam of Malmesbury: Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, The History of the English Bishops; Vol. I: Text and Translation: Volume I: 411. CineweardB.M., Cott. MS. Vit. A. X. Beorhtelm Beorhtold Beorhtwold sold off portions of the abbey lands Eadric c1012Cod. Dipl. ed. Kemble, no. 719. Wulfsine 1034 Æthelweard II Ælfwine almost nothing is known of him Beorhtwold II 1053 a man of bad character who collapsed and died during a drunken orgy in the town Beorhtric appointed 1053 1067 removed by William the Conqueror 1067 moved by William I to Peterborough in 1070 Warin of Lyre (Évreux) 1070 1087 spent much of his time at court, squandering the abbey's resources"vir efficax": Gest. Pont. 425. Godfrey Eadwulf a monk of Winchester,Ann. Mon. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 42. expelled by Roger of Salisbury Roger of Salisbury 1118 1139 John of Malmsbury 1139 1140 appointed by King Stephen after he took the abbey during the AnarchyLeland, Collect. ii, 272. Peter Moraunt 1141 1159 obtained a bull of Pope Innocent II Gregory 1159 1168 Robert 1172 1176 a physician to Henry II Osbert Foliot 1176 1182 Nicholas deposed for running into debt 218 Robert of Melûn 1189 1206 Walter Loring 1206 1222 signed Magna Carta,Magna Carta translation, Barons at Runnymede, Magna Charta Period Feudal Estates, h2g2, King John and the Magna Carta. received papal bull from Innocent III and gained permission from King John to demolish Malmesbury Castle.Bernard Hodge, A History of Malmesbury (Friends of Malmesbury Abbey, 1990). John Walsh 1222 1246 Geoffrey, sacristanB.M., Cott. MS. Faust. B. VIII, f. 142a. 1246 1260 a monk of Malmesbury William of Colerne 1260 1296 William of Badminton 1296 Adam de la Hoke a monk of Malmesbury Adam by John of Tintern 1349 Simon de Aumeney 1348 1361 Walter de Camme 1362 1396 Thomas Chelworth 1396 1424 Roger Pershore 1424 1434 John Bristow 1434 1456 John Andever 1456 1462 John Ayly 1462 1480 Richard Frampton 1480 1515 Richard Camme 1515 1533 Richard Selwyn surrendered the Abbey to Henry VIII in 1539

Parish church

The abbey, which owned in the twenty parishes that constituted the Malmesbury Hundred, was closed at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 by Henry VIII and was sold, with all its lands, to William Stumpe, a rich merchant. He returned the abbey church to the town for continuing use as a parish church, and filled the abbey buildings with up to 20 looms for his cloth-weaving enterprise.

From 1301 until the mid-16th century, the parish church of Malmesbury was St. Paul's. This stood in what is now Birdcage Walk (its tower and steeple remains, and is now the Abbey belltower). In August 1541 Thomas Cranmer licensed the abbey church to replace St Paul's as the parish church of Malmesbury.

The west tower fell around 1550, demolishing the three westernmost bays of the nave. As a result of these two collapses, less than half of the original building stands today. During the English Civil War, Malmesbury suffered extensive damage evidenced by hundreds of pock-marks left by bullets and shot which can still be seen on the south, west and east sides of the building.

In 1837 the ancient chapelries of Corston and Rodbourne were made into a separate parish, called St Paul Malmesbury Without, and St Mary Westport was united to the abbey church.

In 1949, the church was designated as a Grade I listed building. Historic England added it to the Heritage at Risk Register in 2022, stating that the roofs of the nave and aisles were leaking and in need of repair.

Today Malmesbury Abbey is in full use as the parish church of Malmesbury, in the Diocese of Bristol. The remains still contain a fine parvise (a room over the porch) which holds some examples of books from the abbey library. The Anglo-Saxon charters of Malmesbury, though extended by forgeries and improvements executed in the abbey's scriptorium, provide source material today for the history of Wessex and the West Saxon church from the seventh century.

Vicars of St Paul's and the Abbey Church, Malmesbury

Organ

The earliest organ was obtained in 1846 and had formerly stood in the church of St Benet Fink, Threadneedle Street, London; it had been manufactured in 1714 by Abraham Jordan. In 1938 a new organ was provided by Henry Willis, which had formerly been owned by Sir George Alfred Wills, Baronet of Bristol. Eventually it too was replaced.

The current organ dates from 1984 and was built by E.J. Johnson of Cambridge at a cost of £71,000 (). A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Notable burials

Máel Dub, who founded the first monastic community in Malmesbury and gave his name to the town. His bones were cast out of the church of St. Peter and St. Paul by the Norman abbot Warin of Lyre, and relegated to a far corner of St. Michael's Church. Aldhelm, first Bishop of Sherborne and saint Æthelwine and Ælfwine, sons of Æthelweard (son of Alfred) Æthelstan, regarded as the first king of England. He was buried in the tower, under the altar of St. Mary.Foot, S., 2011, Æthelstan: The First King of England, pp.187–88,243. According to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan's body was disinterred in the 11th century and reburied in the abbot's garden (now Abbey House Gardens) to avoid Norman desecration. He is commemorated by an empty 15th-century tomb in the north aisle. Daniel, Bishop of Winchester Hannah Twynnoy, supposedly the first person to be killed by a tiger in England, is buried in the churchyard, her gravestone inscribed with a poem. She was killed on 23 October 1703 after teasing a tiger in a menagerie stabled in the White Lion public house where she worked.Plumb, C., 2015, The Georgian Menagerie: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century London.

Legacy In 2009, historian Michael Wood speculated that Malmesbury Abbey was the site of transcription of the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf.

See also List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches Monk of Malmesbury The Old Bell, Malmesbury

Images

Notes

Sources

Smith, M Q: The Sculptures of the South Porch of Malmesbury Abbey: A Short Guide, 1975

Malmesbury Abbey

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