Charles Joseph Whitman (June 24, 1941 – August 1, 1966) was an American mass murderer who committed the 1966 University of Texas tower shooting, one of the first mass shootings in modern American history to receive widespread national media coverage. A former Marine and architectural engineering student at the University of Texas at Austin, Whitman killed 17 people and wounded 31 others on August 1, 1966, in a series of attacks that began the night before when he stabbed his mother and wife to death in their respective homes. Armed with multiple rifles and other weapons, he fatally shot three people inside UT Austin's Main Building, then accessed the 28th-floor observation deck on the building's clock tower. There, he fired at random people for 96 minutes, killing an additional eleven people and wounding 31 others before he was shot dead by the Austin Police Department.
Whitman was born and raised in Lake Worth, Florida, the eldest of three sons in a prosperous but troubled household dominated by his physically abusive father, Charles A. Whitman Sr. He demonstrated exceptional intelligence from an early age, achieving the rank of Eagle Scout at 12 and later enlisting in the United States Marine Corps at 18. He was stationed at Guantanamo Bay and earned the rank of Lance Corporal, but his military career was marked by disciplinary problems. After receiving an engineering scholarship, he enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin in 1961, where he initially excelled academically before his performance declined.
In the years preceding the attack, Whitman experienced significant personal and psychological difficulties. He sought psychiatric help at the university health center, where he reportedly expressed violent ideations to a counselor. He also complained of severe headaches and periods of irrational rage that he himself found disturbing and described at length in personal writings. A posthumous autopsy revealed a glioblastoma multiforme tumor pressing on his amygdala, a brain region associated with emotional regulation and fear response, prompting ongoing debate among medical experts and historians as to what degree the tumor may have contributed to his violent behavior.
The University of Texas tower shooting had a lasting impact on American law enforcement and public safety policy. The attack is widely credited with spurring the creation of SWAT teams across the United States, as police were initially ill-equipped to respond to a sniper entrenched at such an elevated position. Whitman's case also became a landmark in the study of neurological factors in criminal behavior, and his story has been the subject of numerous documentaries, books, and academic studies.
Early life and education Childhood Charles Whitman was born on June 24, 1941, in Lake Worth, Florida, the eldest of three sons born to Margaret E. ( Hodges) and Charles Adolphus Whitman Jr. Whitman's father was raised in an orphanage in Savannah, Georgia, and described himself as a self-made man. His wife, Margaret, was 17 years old at the time they met. The marriage of Whitman's parents was marred by domestic violence; Whitman's father was an admitted authoritarian who provided for his family but demanded near perfection from all of them. He was known to be physically and emotionally abusive towards his wife and children. One neighbor of the Whitmans, Judi Faulch, would later state she was unable to recollect the number of times her own parents had called police in the 1940s and '50s in response to Whitman's father beating his wife, children, and family pets.
As a boy, Whitman was described as a polite child who seldom lost his temper. He was extremely intelligent—an examination at the age of six revealed his IQ to be 139. Whitman's academic achievements were encouraged by his parents, and any indication of failure or a lethargic attitude were met with discipline—often physical—from his father.
Margaret was a devout Roman Catholic who raised her sons in the same faith. The Whitman brothers regularly attended Mass with their mother, and all three brothers served as altar boys at the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church in Lake Worth."Chaplain Leduc." cimedia.com. Retrieved: November 2, 2010.
Whitman's father was a firearms collector and enthusiast, who taught each of his young sons to shoot, clean, and maintain weapons. He regularly took them on hunting trips, and Charles became an avid hunter and accomplished marksman. His father said of him: "Charlie could plug the eye out of a squirrel by the time he was sixteen."
Whitman joined the Boy Scouts of America at age 11. He became an Eagle Scout at twelve years three months, reportedly the youngest of any Eagle Scout up to that time. Whitman also became an accomplished pianist at the age of 12. At around the same time, he began an extensive newspaper route.
High school
In September 1955, Whitman entered St. Ann's High School in West Palm Beach, where he was regarded as a moderately popular student. By the next month, he had saved enough money from his newspaper route to purchase a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, which he used on his route.
Without telling his father beforehand, Whitman enlisted in the United States Marine Corps one month after his June 1959 graduation from high school, where he had graduated seventh in a class of 72 students. Whitman told a family friend that the catalyst for his enlistment was an incident a month earlier, in which his father had beaten him and thrown him into the family swimming pool because Whitman had come home drunk. Whitman left home on July 6, having been assigned an eighteen-month tour of duty with the Marines at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. As Whitman traveled toward Parris Island, his father, who still had not known of Whitman's enlistment, learned of his action and telephoned a branch of the federal government trying to have his son's enlistment canceled.
U.S. Marine and preparatory school During Whitman's initial eighteen-month service in 1959 and 1960, he earned a sharpshooter's badge and the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal. He achieved 215 of 250 possible points on marksmanship tests, doing well when shooting rapidly over long distances as well as at moving targets. After completing his assignment, Whitman applied for a scholarship to the Naval Enlisted Science and Education Program (NESEP), an initiative designed to send enlisted personnel to college to train as engineers, and after graduation, be commissioned as officers. Whitman earned high scores on the required examination, and the selection committee approved his enrollment at a preparatory school in Maryland, where he completed courses in mathematics and physics before being approved to transfer to the University of Texas at Austin to study mechanical engineering.
University life In September 1961, Whitman entered the mechanical engineering program at UT Austin. He was initially a good student. His hobbies included karate, scuba diving, gambling, and hunting. Shortly after his enrollment, Whitman and two friends were observed poaching a deer, with a passerby recording his license plate number and reporting them to the police. The trio were butchering the deer in the shower at Whitman's dormitory when they were arrested. Whitman was fined $100 ($ in ) for the offense.
Whitman earned a reputation as a practical joker in his years as an engineering student, but his friends also noted he made some morbid and chilling statements. In 1962, he remarked to a fellow student, "A person could stand off an army from atop of [the Main Building's clock tower] before they got him."
Marriage
In February 1962, 20-year-old Whitman met Kathleen Frances Leissner, an education major three years his junior. Leissner was Whitman's first serious girlfriend; he briefly dated actress Deanna Dunagan just prior to beginning his relationship with Leissner. They courted for five months before announcing their engagement on July 19.
On August 17, 1962, Whitman and Leissner were married at St. Michael's Catholic Church in Leissner's hometown of Needville, Texas. The couple chose the 22nd wedding anniversary of Whitman's parents as the date for their wedding. Whitman's family drove from Florida to attend the event, and his younger brother Patrick served as best man. Father Leduc, a Whitman family friend, presided over the ceremony. Leissner's family and friends approved of her choice of husband, describing Whitman as a "handsome young man" who was both intelligent and aspirational.
Although Whitman's grades improved somewhat during his second and third semesters, the Marines considered them insufficient for continuation of his scholarship. He was ordered to active duty in February 1963"Handbook of Texas Online." tshanonline.com. Retrieved: November 2, 2010. and went to Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, for the remainder of his five-year enlistment.
Camp Lejeune Whitman apparently resented his college studies being ended, although he was automatically promoted to the rank of Lance Corporal. At Camp Lejeune, he was hospitalized for four days"Deranged tower sniper rained death on UT campus." Houston Chronicle. Retrieved: November 2, 2010. after single-handedly freeing another Marine by lifting a Jeep which had rolled over an embankment.
Despite his reputation as an exemplary Marine, Whitman continued to gamble. In November 1963, he was court-martialed for gambling, usury, possession of a personal firearm on base, and threatening another Marine over a $30 loan ($ in ) for which he had demanded $15 in interest. Sentenced to thirty days of confinement and ninety days of hard labor, he was demoted from lance corporal (E-3) to private (E-1).
Psychological frustrations
While awaiting his court-martial in 1963, Whitman began to write a diary titled Daily Record of C. J. Whitman. In it, he wrote about his daily life in the Marine Corps and his interactions with his wife and other family members. He also wrote about his upcoming court-martial and contempt for the Marine Corps, criticizing them for inefficiencies. In his writings about Leissner, Whitman often praised her and expressed his longing to be with her. He also wrote about his efforts and plans to free himself from financial dependence on his father.
In December 1964, Whitman was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps. He returned to UT Austin, enrolling in the architectural engineering program. To support his wife and himself, he worked as a bill collector for the Standard Finance Company. Later, he worked as a bank teller at the Austin National Bank. In January 1965, Whitman took a temporary job with Central Freight Lines as a traffic surveyor for the Texas Highway Department, while his wife worked as a biology teacher at Lanier High School. He was also a volunteer scout leader with Austin Scout Troop 5.
In an effort to obtain his engineering degree faster, Whitman undertook a full academic workload. By 1966, he had also studied for and passed a state licensing exam for real-estate agents. As the teaching salary Whitman's wife earned was insufficient to sustain the lifestyle the couple desired, both also held part-time jobs.
Friends later said that Whitman had told them that he struck his wife on three occasions. They said that Whitman despised himself for this and confessed to being "mortally afraid of being like his father." In his journal, Whitman lamented his actions and resolved to be a good husband and not abusive as his father had been.
Parents' divorce In May 1966, Whitman's mother announced her decision to divorce her husband because of his continued physical abuse. Upon receipt of this news, Whitman immediately drove overnight to Florida to help his mother move to Austin. He was reportedly so afraid that his father would resort to violence against his mother as she prepared to leave that he summoned a local policeman to remain outside the house while she packed her belongings.