This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.
List by period Antiquity State Dates of existence (BCE) Notes Ancient Carthage c. 7th/6th century –146 Greek sources may have misunderstood Carthage’s political system, mistaking its leaders for kings when it was actually governed by a council of nobles (Shophets). The legend of Queen Dido likely served to legitimize this non-monarchical system. During the 6th century BC, Carthage experienced political upheaval marked by the revolt of a shophet/general named Malchus, signaling the city’s transition from monarchy to an oligarchic republic. Inscriptions from this period suggest that aristocratic rule had become firmly established by the late 7th or mid 6th century BC. MahajanapadasVikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539. c. 7th/6th century – c. 345Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period. Licchavikas c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital. Vaidehas c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Mithilā was the republic's capital. Nāyas c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Kuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital. Mallakas c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of Kusinārā and Pāvā as their respective capitals. Sakyas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century Koliyas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century Moriyas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century Bulayas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century Bhaggas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century Kālāmas c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century Roman Republic 509–27 Classical Athens 508–322 Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
Middle Ages
StateDates of existence (CE) System of governmentKhersonite State422 BCE – 1299 CEDemocracy Republic of San Marinosince 301, constitutional since 1600Directorial RepublicMonemvasía State588–1252Qarmatians 899–1067TheocracyGotland ?–1285Thing (Assembly)Frisian freedom(Upstalsboom League),c. 12th century–15th centurypeasant republic Icelandic Commonwealth 930–1262 Couto Mistoc. 1000 – 1868Taifa of Córdoba1031–1070 Republic of Florence1115–1537 Republic of Siena1125–1557Novgorod Republic 1136–1478 Commune of Rome1144–1193 Most Serene Republic of Lucca 1160–1805 Haudenosauneec. 13th century–1794Republic of Massa 1225–1336Republic of Sassari1275–1323 Old Swiss Confederacy1291–1798Republic of Poljica 1322–1806Republic of Senarica1343–1797 Pskov Republic 1348–1510Dithmarschen c. 1400 – 1559 Republic of Cospaia1440–1826 Golden Ambrosian Republic 1447–1450 Most Serene Republic of Venice697–1797merchant republicRepublic of Gaeta839–1140merchant republic Republic of Amalfi839–1131merchant republicBajjāna 886–922merchant republic Republic of Ancona c. 1000 – 1532merchant republic Republic of Pisa c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509merchant republic Most Serene Republic of Genoa c. 1100 – 1797merchant republic Republic of Noli1192–1797merchant republic Republic of Ragusa 1358–1808merchant republic
Free imperial cities A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.
Name Dates Free Imperial City of Worms c. 11th century–1789 Free Imperial City of Goslar 1081–1802 1166–1801 Free Imperial City of Ulm de jure: 1290–1803; de facto: 1184–1803 Free Imperial City of Besançon 1184–1654 1189–1806 Free Imperial City of Konstanz 1192–1548 Free Imperial City of Wetzlar c. 12th century–1803 Free Imperial City of Friedberg 1211–1806 Free Imperial City of Nördlingen 1215–1803 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg 1219–1806 Free Imperial City of Nordhausen 1220–1802 Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf 1220–1803 Free Imperial City of Lübeck 1226–1811 Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden 1225–1330 Free Imperial City of Colmar 1226–1679 Free Imperial City of Esslingen 1229–1802/3 Free Imperial City of Offenburg c. 1240–1803 Free Imperial City of Reutlingen 1240–1803 Free Imperial City of Bopfingen 1241–1802 Free Imperial City of Mainz 1241–1462 Free Imperial City of Regensburg 1245–1486; 1496–1803 Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt 1245–1803 Free Imperial City of Windsheim 1248–1802 Free Imperial City of Buchau c. 1250–1803 Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen 1251–1803 Free Imperial City of Strasbourg 1262–1681 Free Imperial City of Memmigen 1268–1802 Free Imperial City of Rottweil 1268–1802 Free Imperial City of Überlingen 1268–1803 Free Imperial City of Gmünd 1268–1802 Free Imperial City of Rothenburg 1274–1803 Free Imperial City of Buchhorn 1275–1803 Free Imperial City of Lindau 1275–1802 Free Imperial City of Weil 1275–1803 Free Imperial City of Augsburg 1276–1803 Free Imperial City of Ravensburg 1276–1803 Free Imperial City of Hall 1280–1802 Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß 1281–1803 Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren 1286–1803 Free Imperial City of Wangen 1286–1802 Free Imperial City of Cologne 1288–1801 Free Imperial City of Kempten 1289–1802/3 Free Imperial City of Dortmund 1293–1803 Free Imperial City of Leutkirch 1293–1803 Free Imperial City of Speyer 1294–1792 Free Imperial City of Weißenburg 1296–1802 Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach c. 14th century–1803 Free Imperial City of Wimpfen c. 1300–1803 Free Imperial City of Donauwörth 1308–1607 Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen 1347–1798 Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl 1351–1802 Free Imperial City of Aalen 1360–1803 Free Imperial City of Gengenbach 1360–1803 Free Imperial City of Isny 1365–1803 Free Imperial City of Bremen de jure: 1654–1811; de facto: 1366–1811 Free Imperial City of Heilbronn 1371–1802 Free Imperial City of Frankfurt 1372–1806 Free Imperial City of Giengen 1391–1803 Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen 1415–1460 Republic of Gersau 1433–1798 Free Imperial City of Soest 1449–1616
Early modernity State Dates of Existence(CE) Zaporizhian Sich 1552–1775 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 1581–1795 Saint-Malo 1590–1594 Republic of Salé 1619–1668 Catalan Republic September 1640–December 1641 Cossack Hetmanate 1649–1764 Commonwealth of England 1649–1660 Regency of Algiers 1659–1830 Republic of Pirates 1706–1718 Corsican Republic 1755–1769Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503 Republic of Paulava 1769–1795 since 1776, constitutional since 1789 Lanfang Republic 1777–1884 Vermont Republic 1777–1791 French First Republic 1792–1804 Republic of Swellendam 1795 Republic of Graaff-Reinet 1795–1796 State of Muskogee 1799–1803
Sister republics A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the French First Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Republic of Liège (1789–1791) United Belgian States (1790) Rauracian Republic (1792–1793) Republic of Mainz (1793) Republic of Bouillon (1794–1795) Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Republic of Alba (1796) Bolognese Republic (1796) Republic of Reggio (1796) Cispadane Republic (1796–1797) Transpadane Republic (1796–1797) Republic of Asti (1797) Republic of Bergamo (1797) Republic of Brescia (1797) Republic of Crema (1797) Anconine Republic (1797–1798) Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802) Cisrhenian Republic (1797–1802) Ligurian Republic (1797–1805) Lemanic Republic (1798) Tiberina Republic (1798) Republic of Connacht (1798) Piedmontese Republic (1798–1799) (1798–1802) Roman Republic (1798–1799) Republic of Pescara (1799) Parthenopean Republic (1799) Republic of Lucca (1799–1805) Subalpine Republic (1800–1802) Italian Republic (1802–1805) Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810) Swiss Confederation (1803–1815) Republic of Ragusa (1806–1808) Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
Modernity 19th century Africa
Republic of Liberia (since 1847) Republic of Maryland (1853–1857) South African Republic (1856–1877; 1881–1902) (1854–1902) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Goshen Republic (1882–1883) Stellaland Republic (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Griqualand East (1862–1879) Griqualand West (1800–1880) Philippopolis, South Africa Griekwastad (Griquatown) Ibadan Republic (1838–1893)
North America
First Republic of Haiti (1806–1811) State of Haiti (1810–1811) Republic of West Florida (1810) Republic of East Florida (1812) Republic of the Floridas (1817) Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822) Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841) First Mexican United States (1824–1835) Republic of Madawaska (1827) Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835) Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846) (1836–1845) Republic of Canada (1837–1838) State of Los Altos (1838–1840; 1848–1849) Republic of Lower Canada (1838) Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847) Republic of Honduras (1838–1896) Republic of Nicaragua (1838–1896) Republic of the Rio Grande (1840) (1840–1843; 1846–1848) Republic of Guatemala (since 1840) Republic of El Salvador (1841–1896) First Dominican Republic (1844–1861) California Republic (June–July 1846) Second Mexican United States (1846–1863) First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948) State of Deseret (1849–1850) Republic of Baja California (15 October 1853–January 1854) Republic of Sonora (15 October 1853 – 8 May 1854) Second Republic of Haiti (since 1859) Confederate States of America (1860–1865) Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916) United States of Mexico (since 1867) Republic of Manitobah (1867–1869) United States of Central America (1896–1898) Republic of El Salvador (since 1898) Republic of Honduras (since 1898) Republic of Nicaragua (since 1898)
South America
Republic of Paraguay (since 1811) American Confederation of Venezuela (1811–1819) United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1816–1831) Republic of Chile (since 1818) Republic of Gran Colombia (1819–1831) Free Province of Guayaquil (1820–1822) Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821) Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821) Republic of Peru (1824–1836) Republic of Bolivia (1825–1836) Oriental Republic of Uruguay (since 1828) Republic of Ecuador (since 1830) State of Venezuela (1830–1864) Argentine Confederation (1831–1861) Republic of New Granada (1831–1858) Republic of South Peru (1836) Republic of North Peru (1836) Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) Riograndense Republic (1836–1845) Juliana Republic (1839) Republic of Peru (since 1839) Republic of Bolivia (1839–2009) State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861) Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) Argentine Republic (since 1861) United States of Colombia (1863–1886) United States of Venezuela (1864–1953) Republic of Colombia (since 1886) Republic of Independent Guiana (20 July 1886 – 1891) Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1930)
Asia
Lanfang Republic (1777–1884) Republic of Ezo (1868–1869) Zheltuga Republic (1883–1886) Republic of Formosa (1895) Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897) First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)
Europe
Septinsular Republic (1800–1815)