This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

<11.7KA (Holocene)

11.7 to 49KA VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,subregion, or hotspot Material volume (km3) Age in Kastart from 1950 CE Tephra or eruption name 6 Lolobau Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 50 50 12 caldera formation 6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 24.9 < 25 12.3 Ruplax Tuff 6 Nevado de Toluca Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 20 20 12.5 Upper Toluca Pumice 6 Sakurajima Kyūshū 11 11 12.8 Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff 6 Laacher See Eifel hotspot 20 20 12.9 6 Nigorigawa Hokkaidō 10.9 10.9 14.6 6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 79 79 14.9 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 6 Maly Semyachik Kamchatka 17.5 17.5 15 6 Towada Honshū 56 56 15.6 eruption episode L 7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 200 - 300 200 - 300 15.7 5 Mount Vesuvius 1.3 1.3 19.3 Green Pumice 7 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 100 100 19.3 Kiau Ignimbrite 7 Zavaritzki Caldera Simushir, Kuril Islands 200 200 20 6 Mount Batur Sunda Arc, Bali 19 19 20.2 Gunungkawi Ignimbrite 6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.1 >10 21 Kulau Ignimbrite 6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 26.1 26.1 21 Caldera formation 2 6 Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 20.1 >20 21.8 Cape Riva 5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.9 1.9 22 Basal Pumice 6 Mount Katmai SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 10.1 ⩾10 22.8 Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite 8 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1170 1170 26.5 Oruanui eruption 6 Morne Diablotins Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 14 14 26.6 Grand Savanne Ignimbrite 7? Laguna Caldera Luzon Volcanic Arc 27-29 5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.2 2.2 28.6 Codola Pumice 6 Phlegraean Fields 10.1 ≥10 29.1 Y3 6 Emmons Lake caldera SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50 50 29.3 Dawson Tephra 6 Mount Batur Sunda Arc, Bali 84 84 29.3 Ubud Ignimbrite 6 Nemrut Turkey 65.4 65.4 29.7 6 Krasheninnikov Kamchatka 12 13 30Caldera formation 7-8 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 940 940 - 1,040 30 Ito Ignimbrite 6 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 10 10 30.8 Nemo III 6 Shiveluch Kamchatka 30.1 >30 32.2 caldera formation 6 Volcán Los Azufres Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 11 11 32.8 Cieneguillas Ignimbrite 6 Morne Trois Pitons Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 33.3 Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite 7 Lake Ranau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 150 150 33.6 Ranau Tuff 6 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 31.3 31.3 34 Nemo II 6 Ksudach Kamchatka 25 25 35 Caldera II 6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 10 10 35.3 Nu-p 6 Menengai Great Rift Valley, Kenya 26.1 26.1 35.6 Menengai Tuff 6 Towada Honshū 46 46 36 eruption episode N 6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 10 10 38.3 Nu-r 7 Gorely Kamchatka 120 120 39 Southern sea cliffs 7 Kussharo Hokkaidō 170 170 39.3 Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash 7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 430 430 - 680 39.9 Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption 5 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 40 6 Ksudach Kamchatka 40 40 40 Caldera I 6 Ugashik-Peulik SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30 30 40 Caldera formation 6? Ulleung South Korea 10 10? 40 Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra 6 Irosin Caldera Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc 70 70 41 Irosin Ignimbrites 6 Qualibou Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc 11 11 42.3 Choiseul Tuff 6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 10.3 10.3 42.5 C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon) 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 14.4 14.4 DRE 43 Kt-1 7 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka 150 150 43.6 Uzon ignimbrite - northern field 6 Golovnin Kunashir, Kuril Islands 15 15 43.7 Kn III-5 Tephra 6 Mount Akagi Honshū 25.9 25.9 44 Akagi-Kanuma pumice 6 Mendeleev Kunashir, Kuril Islands 60 60 44.5 caldera formation 7 Opala Kamchatka 225 225 44.5 caldera formation 5-6 Naruko Honshū 5 5 - 10 45 Yanagisawa Tuff 7 Nemo Peak Onekotan, Kuril Islands 115.1 >115 45 Nemo I 6 Smith Island Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 49 49 45 7 Shikotsu Hokkaidō 350 350 - 390 46 caldera formation

50 to 99KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,subregion, or hotspot Material volume (km3) Age in Kastart from 1950 CE Tephra or eruption name 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 10.2 10.2 DRE 50 Kt-2 7 Ōkataina Volcanic Complex Taupō Volcanic Zone 100 >100 DRE 50 Rotoiti Ignimbrite 6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 13.1 13.1 51 Santa Lucia Tephra 7 Lake Maninjau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 235 235 52 Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs 6 Mount Kujū Kyūshū 12.0 12 53.5 Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1) 6 Skaros Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 13.8 13.75 54 Upper Scoriae 2 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 20.1 20.1 DRE 50 - 60 Kt-3 5 This source has not yet been updated by post 2019 knowledge. Torfajökull Iceland 44 DRE 55.4 Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1 6 Ischia Campanian volcanic arc 10.1 ≥ 10 56 X2 6 40.0 40 56 Monte Epomeo Green Tuff 6 Daisen Honshū 40.0 40 59.6 Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice 6 Shikotsu Hokkaidō 50.0 50 60 Shadai eruption 6 Towada Honshū 10.0 10 61 eruption episode Q 6 Newberry Volcano Cascade Volcanic Arc 12.6 > 12.5 62.5 Olema tephra, Paulina tephra 6 Hakone Honshū 20.0 20 66 Hakone-Tokyo Pumice 6 Akademia Nauk Kamchatka 12.5 12.5 69.4 Odnoboky O2 tuffs 6 Los Humeros Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 37.0 37 69 Zaragoza Tuff 6 24.0 24 70 Faby Tuff 6 Pico do Fogo Cape Verde 73 5-6 Naruko Honshū 5.0 5 - 10 73 Nisaka Tuff 8 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 2800 2,800 - 5,300 74 Youngest Toba Tuff 6 Barrier Volcano Great Rift Valley, Kenya 10.0 10 74 caldera formation 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 11.1 > 11 DRE 75 Kt-4 6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 12.4 12.35 80 CA-1a Tephra 6 Bolshoy Semyachik Kamchatka 42.0 42 80 Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II 6 Hakone Honshū 10.0 10 80 Hakone-Obaradai Pumice 7? Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 25.0 25 81 Inararo Tuff 6 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 10.0 10 82.8 X4; I-7 8 Lago de Atitlán Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 3001,220 84 Los Chocoyos eruption 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 16.8 16.8 DRE 84 Kt-6 6 Kussharo 25.0 25 85 Kp-2/3 6 Kuttara 10.8 10.8 DRE 84 - 87 Kt-7 7-8 Mount Aso Kyūshū 930 930 - 1,860 87 Aso-4 Ignimbrite 6 Kuttara Hokkaidō 9.9 9.9 DRE 87 - 106 Kt-8

100 to 299KA VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,subregion, or hotspot Material volume (km3) Age in Kastart from 1950 CE Tephra or eruption name 7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 100 Tozurahara eruption 6 Sierra la Primavera Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 90 100 Tala Tuff 6 Skaros Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 14 100 Middle Pumice 6 Ontake Honshū 50 100 Ontake-1 Pumice 6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10? 100 Boroi Ignimbrites 6 10? 100 Malaguna Pyroclastics 7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū 350 100 Ata pyroclastic deposits 6 Sanbe Honshū 20 105 Sanbe-Kisuki pumice 6 Mount Sunda Sunda Arc, Java ≥ 10 105 Sunda Caldera 7 Lake Tōya Hokkaidō 230 – 310 106 6 Santo Antão Cape Verde 10.33 106 Cão Grande I 6 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc ≥ 10 106.2 X5 6 ≥ 10 108.9 X6 7 Kussharo Hokkaidō 175 117.5 Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash 7 Emmons Lake caldera SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 220 124 Old Craw Tephra 7 Mount Aso Kyūshū > 150 130 Aso-3 Ignimbrite 6 50 141 Aso-2 Ignimbrite 6 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 23? 143 Cold Mountain Creek Tuff 7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 150 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S 5 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 150 7 Kos-Nisyros Caldera South Aegean Volcanic Arc 110 161 Kos Plateau Tuff 7 Los Humeros Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 290 DRE 164 Xáltipan Ignimbrite 7 Lake Akan Hokkaidō 56.8 (DRE) 175 AK-2 6 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 50 176 Bluff Point Tuff ≥6 Karymsky (volcano) Kamchatka ≥49.82 177 Rauchua Tephra 7 Southern Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 180 7 Awasa Caldera Main Ethiopian Rift 103.5 182.3 7 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 205 7 Rotorua Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 230 Mamaku Ignimbrite 7 Maroa Caldera 230 Ohakuri Ignimbrite 7 Reporoa Caldera 230 Kaingaroa Ignimbrite 7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū > 150 240 Torihama eruption 7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 240 Ohakui Ignimbrite 7 O'a Caldera Ethiopia 276 240 Qi3 Pumice 8 Maroa Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 254 Whakamaru Ignimbrite 6 Mount Aso Kyūshū 266 Aso-1 Ignimbrite 6 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka 46 278 Uzon ignimbrite - southern field 7 Haroharo Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 280 Matahina Ignimbrite 7 Kapenga Caldera 280 Pakai Ignimbrite 7 Lake Maninjau Sunda Arc, Sumatra 175 280

300 to 999KA

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,subregion, or hotspot Material volume (km3) Age in Kastart from 1950 CE Tephra or eruption name 7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 300 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V 7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 300 Chimpanzee Ignimbrite 7 Vulsini Campanian volcanic arc 460 300 Bolsena Caldera 7 Phlegraean Fields 320 7 Kakutō Caldera Kyūshū 321 Kakuto Ignimbrite 7? Suiendani Honshū 370 Okuhida Pyroclastics 7 Lake Bracciano Lazio, Italy > 200 370 Mophi Tephra 6 Roccamonfina Caldera Campanian volcanic arc 390 6-7 Medvezhia Iturup, Kuril Islands 90 410 Medvezhia Ignimbrite 7 Toussidé Tibesti Mountains 150 430 Yirrigué Ignimbrite 7 Pauzhetka Caldera Kamchatka 375 440 Golygin Ignimbrite 7 Tumalo Oregon 440 Tumalo tuff 7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 450 Oda Ignimbrite 7 Diamante Caldera Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 450 7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 500 Yoshino Ignimbrite 7 Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 138 500 Middle Toba Tuff 7 Kobayashi Caldera Kyūshū 520 Kobayashi Ignimbrite 6 Bolshoy Semyachik Kamchatka 42.0 42 524 6 Cordillera de Apaneca El Salvador 63 525 Concepcion de Ataco caldera formation 6 Bolshoy Semyachik Kamchatka 42.0 42 560 6 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 560 7 Mount Kirishima Kyūshū 580 Hiwaki Ignimbrite 6? Hōhi Volcanic Zone 600 Yufugawa Ignimbrite 6 Mount Lassen Cascade Volcanic Arc > 75 610 Rockland Caldera formation 8 Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot ⩾ 1,000 631 Lava Creek Tuff 7 Acatlán Volcanic Field Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 150 650 Acatlán Ignimbrite 7 Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū 650 Seiganji-Toga Tephra 7 Kamitakara Honshū 650 7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 680 Matahana A 7 710 Waiotapu Ignimbrite 5 Aguajito Baja California 2 2 760 Caldera formation 7 Long Valley Caldera Eastern California 790 760 Bishop Tuff 7 Kapenga Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 830 Matahana B 7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 840 Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L 8 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc, Sumatra 5,290 840 Toba Tuff 7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū 870 Imaichi Ignimbrite 7 Mangakino Caldera Taupō Volcanic Zone 950 Marshall Ignimbrite 7 970 Unit E

1 to 9.9MA